ICT International

Advancing soil, plant and environmental decision making

Menu

SFM1x Sap Flow Meter

Sap flow is used to measure plant and tree water use.

  • understanding plant water use for species selection and research purposes,
  • measuring drought response and resilience

Available with LoRaWAN and CATM1/NB-IoT communications, as well as a Bluetooth version for direct data logging, the SFM1x Sap Flow meter is capable of measuring sap flow, reverse and very low flow rates, and (with user defined parameters) the calculation of daily, weekly, monthly and annual water use.

How the SFM1x Sap Flow Meter does it

The SFM1x Sap Flow Meter uses the Heat Ratio Method, developed by Burgess, Adams, Turner, Beverly, Ong, Khan and Bleby (2001). A pulse of heat is provided by a heater needle located in the sapwood area, with a downstream and upstream needle that are accurately spaced to measure the heat difference over time. This measurement, combined with data on the sapwood area allows for the calculation of the sap flow. Uniquely the SFM1x can measure reverse sap flow as well, through the upstream needle.

Frequently Asked Questions

  • What is the advantage of the Heat Ratio Method for sap flow measurement?
    The heat ratio method can measure reverse flow, low flow and high flow. Supported by widespread use in the research community, the calculations that enable these calculations are well established and verified.
  • What does the measurement of sap flow tell us?
    Sap flow measurement provides a measurement of the transpiration of the plant. This indicates the plant water status, and subsequently the daily water requirements can be calculated.
  • How can sap flow measurements from the SFM1x be integrated into analysis?
    Data from the SFM1x is stored as CSV or JSON for easy access and analysis. The data from the SFM1x can be viewed online or downloaded for analysis using a number of common tools, as well as direct integration into customer dashboards.
SFM1C Installed with Dendrometer in Orchard
CASE STUDIES

Case studies for the Sap Flow Meter cover topics from species selection for environmental remediation, through to irrigation managemnet.

The full list can be found here.

PUBLICATIONS

The SFM1 Sap Flow Meter is widely used in research; below are the most recent publications that have used the Sap Flow Meter in their research.

5651041 DEJ9MMSU 2023 items 1 apa 0 author asc 20283 https://ictinternational.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-ff3b2152f310e63eef1af8c4bedf2d82%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22EG33J7EQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5651041%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Benyahia%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBenyahia%2C%20F.%2C%20Bastos%20Campos%2C%20F.%2C%20Ben%20Abdelkader%2C%20A.%2C%20Basile%2C%20B.%2C%20Tagliavini%2C%20M.%2C%20Andreotti%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Zanotelli%2C%20D.%20%282023%29.%20Assessing%20Grapevine%20Water%20Status%20by%20Integrating%20Vine%20Transpiration%2C%20Leaf%20Gas%20Exchanges%2C%20Chlorophyll%20Fluorescence%20and%20Sap%20Flow%20Measurements.%20%3Ci%3EAgronomy%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E13%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20464.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fagronomy13020464%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fagronomy13020464%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Assessing%20Grapevine%20Water%20Status%20by%20Integrating%20Vine%20Transpiration%2C%20Leaf%20Gas%20Exchanges%2C%20Chlorophyll%20Fluorescence%20and%20Sap%20Flow%20Measurements%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fadwa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benyahia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fl%5Cu00e1vio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bastos%20Campos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ahmed%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ben%20Abdelkader%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Boris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Basile%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Massimo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tagliavini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carlo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andreotti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Damiano%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zanotelli%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20precise%20knowledge%20of%20the%20grapevine%20responses%20to%20increasing%20level%20of%20water%20stress%20is%20of%20the%20utmost%20relevance%20for%20an%20effective%20application%20of%20deficit%20irrigation%20strategies%20in%20viticulture.%20Against%20this%20background%2C%20a%20study%20was%20conducted%20on%20potted%20grapevines%20subjected%20to%20two%20ten-day%20drought%20cycles%20to%20assess%20their%20water%20status%20by%20integrating%20the%20information%20derived%20from%20different%20physiological%20indexes%20including%20whole-plant%20transpiration%20%28measured%20gravimetrically%20and%20with%20sap%20flow%20sensors%29%2C%20leaf%20gas%20exchanges%20and%20chlorophyll%20fluorescence.%20When%20soil%20water%20availability%20was%20not%20limited%2C%20vine%20transpiration%20rate%20was%20determined%20mainly%20by%20environmental%20factors%20and%20ranged%20between%200.5%20and%202%20L%20day%5Cu22121%20m%5Cu22122%20of%20leaf%20surface.%20Transpiration%20was%20affected%20by%20the%20soil%20water%20availability%20only%20when%20water%20stress%20became%20evident%20%28midday%20stem%20water%20potential%20%3C%20%5Cu22121%20MPa%29%2C%20with%20vines%20showing%20a%20strong%20limitation%20of%20the%20stomata%20functioning%20%28stomatal%20conductance%20%3C%200.05%20mol%20m%5Cu22122%20s%5Cu22121%29%20and%2C%20consequently%2C%20low%20transpiration%20rates%20%28%3C0.5%20L%20m%5Cu22122%20d%5Cu22121%29.%20Transpiration%20rates%20measured%20with%20the%20sap%20flow%20sensors%20were%20correlated%20with%20those%20measured%20gravimetrically%2C%20showing%20daily%20patterns%20that%20were%20highly%20affected%20by%20the%20intensity%20of%20the%20water%20stress.%20Nevertheless%2C%20these%20sensors%20highly%20underestimated%20actual%20transpiration%20rates%2C%20limiting%20their%20reliability%20for%20vineyard%20irrigation%20management.%20At%20the%20end%20of%20the%20second%20drought%20cycle%2C%20vines%20showed%20very%20limited%20responses%20to%20daily%20changes%20in%20environmental%20conditions%20%28same%20photosynthetic%20rate%20and%20stomatal%20conductance%20at%20morning%2C%20midday%20and%20afternoon%29%2C%20likely%20reflecting%20a%20carryover%20stress%20effect%20from%20the%20first%20drought%20cycle%20and%20an%20incomplete%20physiological%20recovery%20before%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20second.%20Evidence%20of%20the%20severe%20water%20stress%20reached%20by%20vines%20was%20also%20given%20by%20the%20high%20value%20of%20the%20quantum%20yield%20of%20nonregulated%20energy%20dissipation%20%28Y%28NO%29%20higher%20than%200.4%29%20found%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%20first%20drought%20cycle.%20Taken%20together%2C%20the%20obtained%20results%20integrate%20the%20current%20knowledge%20on%20water%20stress%20development%20in%20grapevine%2C%20also%20highlighting%20the%20relevance%20of%20specific%20physiological%20indexes%20that%20could%20be%20used%20effectively%20for%20the%20correct%20management%20of%20deficit%20strategies%20in%20viticulture.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023%5C%2F2%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fagronomy13020464%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222073-4395%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mdpi.com%5C%2F2073-4395%5C%2F13%5C%2F2%5C%2F464%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22DEJ9MMSU%22%2C%226KEKHL4K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-04T05%3A19%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22STSGDGT4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5651041%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Buyinza%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-06-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBuyinza%2C%20J.%2C%20Muthuri%2C%20C.%20W.%2C%20Denton%2C%20M.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Nuberg%2C%20I.%20K.%20%282023%29.%20Impact%20of%20tree%20pruning%20on%20water%20use%20in%20tree-coffee%20systems%20on%20smallholder%20farms%20in%20Eastern%20Uganda.%20%3Ci%3EAgroforestry%20Systems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E97%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%20953%26%23×2013%3B964.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10457-023-00842-2%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10457-023-00842-2%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Impact%20of%20tree%20pruning%20on%20water%20use%20in%20tree-coffee%20systems%20on%20smallholder%20farms%20in%20Eastern%20Uganda%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buyinza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Catherine%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muthuri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Denton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ian%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nuberg%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Tree%20pruning%20is%20an%20important%20tree%20management%20option%20for%20reducing%20shading%20effects%20and%20altering%20whole-tree%20water%20use%20in%20smallholder%20farming%20systems.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20sap%20flow%20meters%20%28SFM1s%29%20were%20used%20to%20monitor%20whole-%20tree%20water%20use%20in%20Cordia%20africana%20%28Cordia%29%2C%20Albizia%20coriaria%20%28Albizia%29%20and%20Coffea%20arabica%20%28coffee%29%20trees%20in%20two%20farms%20in%20Eastern%20Uganda.%20Overstory%20trees%20were%20subjected%20to%20a%2050%25%20pruning%20regime%20at%20a%206-month%20interval%20over%20a%20period%20of%2020%5Cu00a0months%20%28July%202018%5Cu2013February%202020%29.%20Analysis%20of%20variance%20General%20Linear%20Model%20was%20performed%20to%20assess%20the%20influence%20of%20tree%20species%2C%20management%2C%20season%20and%20their%20interaction%20on%20mean%20daily%20sap%20flow.%20Pairwise%20Pearson%20correlation%20coefficients%20between%20daily%20sap%20flow%20and%20leaf%20phenology%20were%20also%20obtained.%20Pruning%20altered%20the%20synchrony%20in%20the%20vegetative%20phenology%20of%20Albizia%20trees%2C%20as%20leaf%20cover%20changes%20occurred%20earlier%20in%20pruned%20trees%20than%20in%20unpruned%20trees.%20Pruned%20Cordia%20and%20Albizia%20trees%20respectively%20used%2022.8%25%20and%2050.1%25%20less%20water%20than%20unpruned%20trees%20whose%20average%20daily%20water%20use%20was%2076.5L%20day%5Cu22121%20and%20133.7L%20day%5Cu22121%20respectively.%20Episodes%20of%20reverse%20flows%20were%20observed%20in%20Albizia%20trees%20%28pruned%20and%20unpruned%29%20and%20the%20pruned%20Cordia%20during%20certain%20periods%20of%20the%20year.%20There%20was%20a%20statistically%20significant%20main%20effect%20of%20tree%20species%2C%20pruning%2C%20season%20and%20their%20interaction%20on%20daily%20tree%20water%20use%20%28P%5Cu2009%3C%5Cu20090.05%29.%20Coffee%20used%200.1%20to%204.3%20L%20of%20water%20per%20day%20over%20the%2020-month%20period.%20While%20unshaded%20coffee%20used%20more%20water%20than%20shaded%20coffee%2C%20coffee%20growing%20under%20pruned%20trees%20used%20more%20water%20than%20coffee%20under%20unpruned%20trees.%20This%20could%20have%20resulted%20from%20more%20transpiration%20pull%20in%20coffee%20resulting%20from%20increased%20radiation%20with%20reduced%20shading.%20Subsequently%2C%20canopy%20pruning%20reduced%20the%20water%20demand%20of%20the%20tree%20component%20and%20resulted%20in%20recharge%20in%20the%20crop-rooting%20zone%2C%20although%20this%20seemed%20to%20appear%20later%20following%20consistent%20pruning.%20The%20study%20findings%20demonstrate%20that%20agroforestry%20tree%20canopy%20pruning%20can%20regulate%20water%20use%20in%20smallholder%20agroforestry%20systems%2C%20the%20benefits%20of%20other%20tree%20products%20notwithstanding.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-06-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10457-023-00842-2%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221572-9680%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10457-023-00842-2%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22DEJ9MMSU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-06-19T00%3A50%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KCHRCRE6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5651041%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Doody%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-04-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDoody%2C%20T.%20M.%2C%20Gao%2C%20S.%2C%20Vervoort%2C%20W.%2C%20Pritchard%2C%20J.%2C%20Davies%2C%20M.%2C%20Nolan%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Nagler%2C%20P.%20L.%20%282023%29.%20A%20river%20basin%20spatial%20model%20to%20quantitively%20advance%20understanding%20of%20riverine%20tree%20response%20dynamics%20to%20water%20availability%20and%20hydrological%20management.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Environmental%20Management%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E332%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20117393.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jenvman.2023.117393%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jenvman.2023.117393%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20river%20basin%20spatial%20model%20to%20quantitively%20advance%20understanding%20of%20riverine%20tree%20response%20dynamics%20to%20water%20availability%20and%20hydrological%20management%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tanya%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doody%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sicong%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Willem%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vervoort%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jodie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pritchard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Micah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davies%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nolan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pamela%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nagler%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ecological%20condition%20continues%20to%20decline%20in%20arid%20and%20semi-arid%20river%20basins%20globally%20due%20to%20hydrological%20over-abstraction%20combined%20with%20changing%20climatic%20conditions.%20Whilst%20provision%20of%20water%20for%20the%20environment%20has%20been%20a%20primary%20approach%20to%20alleviate%20ecological%20decline%2C%20how%20to%20accurately%20monitor%20changes%20in%20riverine%20trees%20at%20fine%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20scales%2C%20remains%20a%20substantial%20challenge.%20This%20is%20further%20complicated%20by%20constantly%20changing%20water%20availability%20across%20expansive%20river%20basins%20with%20varying%20climatic%20zones.%20Within%2C%20we%20combine%20rare%2C%20fine-scale%2C%20high%20frequency%20temporal%20in-situ%20field%20collected%20data%20with%20machine%20learning%20and%20remote%20sensing%2C%20to%20provide%20a%20robust%20model%20that%20enables%20broadscale%20monitoring%20of%20physiological%20tree%20water%20stress%20response%20to%20environmental%20changes%20via%20actual%20evapotranspiration%20%28ET%29.%20Physiological%20variation%20of%20Eucalyptus%20camaldulensis%20%28River%20Red%20Gum%29%20and%20E.%20largiflorens%20%28Black%20Box%29%20trees%20across%2010%20study%20locations%20in%20the%20southern%20Murray-Darling%20Basin%2C%20Australia%2C%20was%20captured%20instantaneously%20using%20sap%20flow%20sensors%2C%20substantially%20reducing%20tree%20response%20lags%20encountered%20by%20monitoring%20visual%20canopy%20changes.%20Actual%20ET%20measurement%20of%20both%20species%20was%20used%20to%20bias%20correct%20a%20national%20spatial%20ET%20product%20where%20a%20Random%20Forest%20model%20was%20trained%20using%20continuous%20timeseries%20of%20in-situ%20data%20of%20up%20to%20four%20years.%20Precise%20monthly%20AMLETT%20%28Australia-wide%20Machine%20Learning%20ET%20for%20Trees%29%20ET%20outputs%20in%2030%5Cu00a0m%20pixel%20resolution%20from%202012%20to%202021%2C%20were%20derived%20by%20incorporating%20additional%20remote%20sensing%20layers%20such%20as%20soil%20moisture%2C%20land%20surface%20temperature%2C%20radiation%20and%20EVI%20and%20NDVI%20in%20the%20Random%20Forest%20model.%20Landsat%20and%20Sentinal-2%20correlation%20results%20between%20in-situ%20ET%20and%20AMLETT%20ET%20returned%20R2%20of%200.94%20%28RMSE%206.63%5Cu00a0mm%20period%5Cu22121%29%20and%200.92%20%28RMSE%206.89%5Cu00a0mm%20period%5Cu22121%29%2C%20respectively.%20In%20comparison%2C%20correlation%20between%20in-situ%20ET%20and%20a%20national%20ET%20product%20returned%20R2%20of%200.44%20%28RMSE%2034.08%5Cu00a0mm%20period%5Cu22121%29%20highlighting%20the%20need%20for%20bias%20correction%20to%20generate%20accurate%20absolute%20ET%20values.%20The%20AMLETT%20method%20presented%20here%2C%20enhances%20environmental%20management%20in%20river%20basins%20worldwide.%20Such%20robust%20broadscale%20monitoring%20can%20inform%20water%20accounting%20and%20importantly%2C%20assist%20decisions%20on%20where%20to%20prioritize%20water%20for%20the%20environment%20to%20restore%20and%20protect%20key%20ecological%20assets%20and%20preserve%20floodplain%20and%20riparian%20ecological%20function.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-04-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jenvman.2023.117393%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220301-4797%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0301479723001810%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22DEJ9MMSU%22%2C%226KEKHL4K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-12T22%3A48%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K3VE8ZTT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5651041%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Perron%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPerron%2C%20N.%2C%20Baltzer%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sonnentag%2C%20O.%20%282023%29.%20Spatial%20and%20temporal%20variation%20in%20forest%20transpiration%20across%20a%20forested%20boreal%20peat%20landscape.%20%3Ci%3EHydrological%20Processes%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3En%5C%2Fa%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28n%5C%2Fa%29%2C%20e14815.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhyp.14815%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhyp.14815%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Spatial%20and%20temporal%20variation%20in%20forest%20transpiration%20across%20a%20forested%20boreal%20peat%20landscape%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baltzer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sonnentag%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Transpiration%20is%20a%20globally%20important%20component%20of%20evapotranspiration.%20Careful%20upscaling%20of%20transpiration%20from%20point%20measurements%20is%20thus%20crucial%20for%20quantifying%20water%20and%20energy%20fluxes.%20In%20spatially%20heterogeneous%20landscapes%20common%20across%20the%20boreal%20biome%2C%20upscaled%20transpiration%20estimates%20are%20difficult%20to%20determine%20due%20to%20variation%20in%20local%20environmental%20conditions%20%28e.g.%2C%20basal%20area%2C%20soil%20moisture%2C%20permafrost%29.%20Here%2C%20we%20sought%20to%20determine%20stand-level%20attributes%20that%20influence%20transpiration%20scalars%20for%20a%20forested%20boreal%20peatland%20complex%20consisting%20of%20sparsely-treed%20wetlands%20and%20densely-treed%20permafrost%20plateaus%20as%20land%20cover%20types.%20The%20objectives%20were%20to%20quantify%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20variability%20in%20stand-level%20transpiration%2C%20and%20to%20identify%20sources%20of%20uncertainty%20when%20scaling%20point%20measurements%20to%20the%20stand-level.%20Using%20heat%20ratio%20method%20sap%20flow%20sensors%2C%20we%20determined%20sap%20velocity%20for%20black%20spruce%20and%20tamarack%20for%20two-week%20periods%20during%20peak%20growing%20season%20in%202013%2C%202017%20and%202018.%20We%20found%20greater%20basal%20area%2C%20drier%20soils%2C%20and%20the%20presence%20of%20permafrost%20increased%20daily%20sap%20velocity%20in%20individual%20trees%2C%20suggesting%20that%20local%20environmental%20conditions%20are%20important%20in%20dictating%20sap%20velocity.%20When%20sap%20velocity%20was%20scaled%20to%20stand-level%20transpiration%20using%20gridded%2020%20x%2020%20m%20resolution%20data%20across%20the%2010%20ha%20Scotty%20Creek%20ForestGEO%20plot%2C%20we%20observed%20significant%20differences%20in%20daily%20plot%20transpiration%20among%20years%20%280.17%20to%200.30%20mm%29%2C%20and%20across%20land%20cover%20types.%20Daily%20transpiration%20was%20lowest%20in%20grid-cells%20with%20sparsely-treed%20wetlands%20compared%20to%20grid-cells%20with%20well-drained%20and%20densely-treed%20permafrost%20plateaus%2C%20where%20daily%20transpiration%20reached%200.80%20mm%2C%20or%2030%20%25%20of%20the%20daily%20evapotranspiration.%20When%20transpiration%20scalars%20%28i.e.%2C%20sap%20velocity%29%20were%20not%20specific%20to%20the%20different%20land%20cover%20types%20%28i.e.%2C%20permafrost%20plateaus%20and%20wetlands%29%2C%20scaled%20stand-level%20transpiration%20was%20overestimated%20by%2042%20%25.%20To%20quantify%20the%20relative%20contribution%20of%20tree%20transpiration%20to%20ecosystem%20evapotranspiration%2C%20we%20recommend%20that%20sampling%20designs%20stratify%20across%20local%20environmental%20conditions%20to%20accurately%20represent%20variation%20associated%20with%20land%20cover%20types%2C%20especially%20with%20different%20hydrological%20functioning%20as%20encountered%20in%20rapidly%20thawing%20boreal%20peatland%20complexes.%20This%20article%20is%20protected%20by%20copyright.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fhyp.14815%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221099-1085%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhyp.14815%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22DEJ9MMSU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-29T22%3A29%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Benyahia, F., Bastos Campos, F., Ben Abdelkader, A., Basile, B., Tagliavini, M., Andreotti, C., & Zanotelli, D. (2023). Assessing Grapevine Water Status by Integrating Vine Transpiration, Leaf Gas Exchanges, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Sap Flow Measurements. Agronomy, 13(2), 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020464
Buyinza, J., Muthuri, C. W., Denton, M. D., & Nuberg, I. K. (2023). Impact of tree pruning on water use in tree-coffee systems on smallholder farms in Eastern Uganda. Agroforestry Systems, 97(5), 953–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00842-2
Doody, T. M., Gao, S., Vervoort, W., Pritchard, J., Davies, M., Nolan, M., & Nagler, P. L. (2023). A river basin spatial model to quantitively advance understanding of riverine tree response dynamics to water availability and hydrological management. Journal of Environmental Management, 332, 117393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117393
Perron, N., Baltzer, J. L., & Sonnentag, O. (2023). Spatial and temporal variation in forest transpiration across a forested boreal peat landscape. Hydrological Processes, n/a(n/a), e14815. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14815

The full list of research publications can be found here.

MANUALS, SPECS, CALCULATIONS

ICT International provide detailed manuals and installation guides, as well as the calculations used by the instruments to enable calculations to be performed on the data collected.

ICT International take pride in the quality of the science that underpins their instruments. Relying on the first principles of science, the calculations are available in Python and R scripts, and can be used to undertake detailed analysis of data.